Using bacteria to clean the environment
In recent years, concerns have heightened about increasing amounts of drugs in the environment, particularly in water. While the impact of this environmental pollution is not well understood, some evidence indicates that these drugs may be entering the food chain. Researchers believe that most of the drugs that end up in fresh water first accumulate at wastewater treatment facilities. Therefore, there is a need to eliminate the drugs at these facilities.
Ashley Robinson, a senior biochemistry major at Hamline University who plans to start graduate school in the fall, started doing research in her sophomore year. She is presenting a poster at the 2021 ASBMB Annual Meeting on this topic, the third research project she has worked on with Betsy Martínez–Vaz.

The researchers’ goal was to find bacteria that break down metformin, a drug commonly used to treat diabetes in the U.S. and around the world. Little research has been done on the impact of pollution with metformin and its byproduct, guanylurea, which are not fully metabolized by humans and thus are excreted into wastewater systems. “We consider them to be emerging pollutants,” Robinson said.

Studies have demonstrated the potential for metformin to disrupt some hormones, she explained. The drug is considered an endocrine disruption agent in some small fishes, and guanylurea has been shown to interfere with the nitrogen cycle in soil. Little is known about its bioaccumulation potential.
“Can these molecules pass up the food chain?” Robinson said. “That is one concern that we have.”
The research team collected samples at a local wastewater treatment facility from several stages of the treatment process. The bacteria in the samples were then grown in the lab under limiting conditions, meaning the bacteria were not given all the nutrients they needed. In this case, their only source of nitrogen was metformin, so most of the bacteria that survived were species that could use metformin as a nitrogen source. The team then used metagenomics to identify the enzymes involved in the breakdown of guanylurea and its transformation product guanidine. They identified three enzymes: guanylurea hydrolase, carboxyguanidine deiminase and allophanate hydrolase.
Robinson and her colleagues are now working to identify the enzyme that breaks down metformin in the initial step that forms guanylurea. They hope the enzymes they find could be used to break down metformin and guanylurea at wastewater treatment facilities, keeping these pollutants out of freshwater systems.
Enjoy reading ASBMB Today?
Become a member to receive the print edition four times a year and the digital edition monthly.
Learn moreGet the latest from ASBMB Today
Enter your email address, and we’ll send you a weekly email with recent articles, interviews and more.
Latest in Science
Science highlights or most popular articles

CRISPR epigenome editor offers potential gene therapies
Scientists from the University of California, Berkeley, created a system to modify the methylation patterns in neurons. They presented their findings at ASBMB 2025.

Finding a symphony among complex molecules
MOSAIC scholar Stanna Dorn uses total synthesis to recreate rare bacterial natural products with potential therapeutic applications.

E-cigarettes drive irreversible lung damage via free radicals
E-cigarettes are often thought to be safer because they lack many of the carcinogens found in tobacco cigarettes. However, scientists recently found that exposure to e-cigarette vapor can cause severe, irreversible lung damage.

Using DNA barcodes to capture local biodiversity
Undergraduate at the University of California, Santa Barbara, leads citizen science initiative to engage the public in DNA barcoding to catalog local biodiversity, fostering community involvement in science.

Targeting Toxoplasma parasites and their protein accomplices
Researchers identify that a Toxoplasma gondii enzyme drives parasite's survival. Read more about this recent study from the Journal of Lipid Research.

Scavenger protein receptor aids the transport of lipoproteins
Scientists elucidated how two major splice variants of scavenger receptors affect cellular localization in endothelial cells. Read more about this recent study from the Journal of Lipid Research.